Provisions related to the proclamation of Emergency under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution

These provisions are crucial for maintaining the integrity, security, and stability of the nation during challenging times. There are three types of emergencies that can be declared: national emergency, state emergency (commonly known as President's Rule), and financial emergency.

A national emergency can be declared when the President is satisfied that the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. This empowers the central government to assume extensive powers and take the necessary steps to address the threat to the nation. However, the declaration of a national emergency must be approved by the

Parliament within one month and its continuation beyond six months requires parliamentary approval every six months.

In the case of a state emergency or President's Rule, if the constitutional machinery in a state has failed, the President can proclaim a state emergency. This leads to the imposition of central rule in the state, with the Governor acting as the administrator on behalf of the President. The state legislature can be suspended, and the President assumes the functions of the state government. The proclamation of the President's Rule must be approved by both houses of Parliament within two months, and its continuation beyond six months necessitates parliamentary approval every six months.

A financial emergency can be declared under Article 360 when the President is satisfied that the financial stability or credit of India or any part thereof is threatened. This allows the central government to assume control over financial matters, including the regulation of money, operation of the financial system, and expenditure control. Similar to other emergencies, the proclamation of a financial emergency requires parliamentary approval within two months, and its continuation beyond six months necessitates parliamentary approval every six months.

While these emergency provisions grant significant powers to the central government, the Constitution incorporates safeguards and limitations to prevent their misuse and ensure the protection of democratic principles and individual rights. The power to declare an Emergency is not absolute and is subject to parliamentary oversight and periodic review.